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The
Iraqi Intelligence Service (
Jihaz Al-Mukhabarat Al-A'ma), also known as the
Mukhabarat,
General Directorate of Intelligence, or
Party Intelligence, was the main state intelligence organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein. The
IIS was primarily concerned with international intelligence collection and analysis but also performed many activities inside Iraq.
The most important section of the IIS was Directorate 4 – the Secret Service.One of the well known Directors was Rafi' Dahham Mejwel Al-Tikriti (Arabic language: رافع دحام مجول التكريتي) the former Iraqi Ambassador to Turkey and the last Chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. The Secret Service was tasked with infiltrating both foreign and domestic governments, unions, embassies, and opposition groups. IIS often worked closely with the
Iraqi General Security Directorate (the Iraqi equivalent of the FBI) when conducting domestic activities.
IIS is alleged to be responsible for a number of assassinations and attempted assassinations abroad. These include the assassinations of Sheikh
Talib al-Suhail al-Tamimi in Beirut (April 1994),
Ayatollah Mehdi al-Hakim in Sudan (January 1988), and Dr.
Ayad Habashi in
Rome (October 1986), as well as the nearly successful assassinations of President
George H.W. Bush and the List of emirs of Kuwait.
Structure
IIS was broken up into a number of
Bureaus, which oversaw the individual Directorates. The following list gives the Directorates divided by Bureau, and a brief description of the Directorate.
Political Bureau
- Directorate 4 – Secret Service
Located inside the
headquarters of the IIS, Directorate 4's activities took place in both Iraq and abroad, with espionage infiltrated within Iraqi
government departments, the
Ba'ath Party, Voluntary association,
trade union and
organizations, Iraqi
embassies and opposition party. In addition, the Secret Service received information from the
Al Hadi Project. The Directorate included a number of offices responsible for the collection of information about a specific country or region. These offices included areas for Southeast Asia, Turkey, Iran,
Americas (North and South),
Europe, Arab states,
Africa and the
former Soviet Union. Directorate 4 worked in coordination with Directorates 3, 5, 9, 12, 14 and 18. The last director of Directorate 4 was
Brigadier General Mohammed Yasin Al Shammari from
Mosul.
- Directorate 8 – Technical Affairs
Located in the headquarters of the ISS, Directorate 8 was responsible for the fingerprinting of all IIS employees and the development of materials needed for
covert offensive Military operation. These included
weapons, explosives and
poisons. Directorate 8 also assembled
cameras, communications equipment and employed many engineers and scientists with advanced degrees. The last director of Directorate 8 was Dr Mohammed al-Masri, who was of
Egyptian origin.
- Directorate 9 – Secret Operations
One of the most important directorates within the IIS. Directorate 9's work was mostly outside Iraq in
coordination with Directorates 5, 12, 14 and 18, focusing on operations of sabotage and assassination. The last director of Directorate 9 was Major General Abdul Hameed Khalaf al-Bayati, with BG Hussain Abdul Khaliq ad-Douri, from Dour as his Assistant Director.
- Directorate 12 – Electronic Surveillance
Responsible for the planting,
monitoring, and analyzing video and sound surveillance devices within the IIS. Also partially responsible for the forging of
currency.
- Directorate 17 – National Security Institute
Responsible for the
training of IIS officers. Located in the Jihad district (possibly at
Abu Ghraib in the western suburbs of Baghdad), it contained full living quarters and a supermarket. High-school graduates undertook a three year course, and college Alumnuss an 18-month
Course of study prior to entering the intelligence service as
junior officers.
Responsible for collecting and analyzing
information from around the world, including open sources such as radio, satellite TV, and newspapers.
Responsible for conducting psychological warfare operations, including the dissemination of false information.
Special Bureau
- Directorate 5 – Counter-Intelligence
Responsible for the detection and neutralization of foreign intelligence agents, with a particular focus on
Syrian infiltrators. Directorate 5 works in conjunction with Directorates 3, 4, 14 and 18. Undated sources name BG Sadoon Ali al-Tikriti, from Auja as Director of Directorate 5, and
Lieutenant Colonel Ahmed Lahij ad-Dulaimi as Assistant Director.
- Directorate 6 – Mukhabarat Security
Responsible for the conduct of officers and other members of the ISS. Directorate 6 was responsible for the issuing of papers, passports, and
marriage sanctions for all ISS employees. The last Director of Directorate 6 was MG Abdul Hameed Yasin al-Ghurairi, with Colonel Ibrahim al-`Aani as his Assistant.
- Directorate 7 – Al Haakimiya
The primary
interrogation center of the ISS was Al Haakimiya, located opposite the Passport Office on 52nd Street. Sources conflict on the size of the building; some claim that it has five floors above ground and five below; other sources claim that there were three above and two below ground.
- Directorate 19 – Personnel Supervision
Responsible for surveillance of IIS employees.
- Directorate 22 – Protection
Responsible for personal protection of senior IIS officials and visiting dignitaries.
Uncertain designation. Conducted training of agents for
clandestine operations abroad.
Rapid
intervention force of the IIS, armed with light and semi-heavy weapons.
Administration Bureau
- Directorate 2 – Administration
Responsible for all administrative affairs. Directorate 2 was divided into a number of subdivisions:
- Payments and Gifts
- Land and Housing
- Audit
- Security
- Registry
- Word Processing and Typing
- Public Enquiries
- Directorate 10 – Legal Directorate
Charged with all IIS legal matters. Represents the IIS on joint committees with other government departments and ministries. Also contained the court where IIS prisoners were tried. The last director of Directorate 10 was BG Kamel Qurtasi al-Jenabi, with COL Saadoun Mohammed al-Mashhadani as his Assistant Director.
- Directorate 11 – Accounts
Located in the headquarters complex. Responsible for financial affairs, and the salaries of all directorates except Directorate 1.
Located in the headquarters complex. Responsible for
medical examinations of new recruits and medical care for members of the IIS.
- Directorate 15 – Vehicles
Responsible for the vehicles of the IIS and their Car maintenance.
- Directorate 16 – Physical Plant
Responsible for the maintenance, repair, and cleaning of all IIS buildings.
- Directorate 20 – Printing
Responsible for printing
leaflets, books, and forged documents (including passports).
- Directorate 27 – Engineering And Construction
Responsible for the construction of IIS buildings and housing for senior officers.
- Directorate 1 – The Private Office
The office of the director of the Mukhabarat was situated in its own building at the main entrance of the Mukhabarat complex in the Mansour district of Baghdad. All instructions and directives flowed from this office, and the director's meetings with his senior staff took place here. The last Director of the Mukhabarat was
Rafi' Dahham Al Tikriti , former director of the Fourth Directorate of the Mukhabarat and former Iraqi Ambassador in Turkey. He assumed his present position on July 1, 1997. The Director up to June 30, 1997 was Mani' Abd Rashid Al Tikriti. The Manager of the Director's Office is Col. `Aayed Al Douri (Abu Tayseer), from Dour, and the Director's secretary is Capt. Muthana Al Tikriti (nephew of Mani' Abd Rashid).
Subdivisions of D1:
The SecretariatAuditSecuritySalariesElectronic equipmentReception and appointmentsInternal and external co-ordination
- Directorate 3 – Surveillance
Situated in the National Security Institute in the Jihad District of Baghdad, Directorate 3 was divided into three subdivisions: mobile surveillance (close pursuit of targets with
vehicles); foot surveillance; and stationary surveillance (surveillance of a fixed premises such as a kiosk or shop). The last known director for Directorate 3 was BG Mohammed ad-Douri (Abu Nihad), from Dour, and the last known Assistant Director was LTC Subhi Ibrahim al-Jibouri, from Baiji/Al Siniya.
- Directorate 14 – Special Operations
One of the largest and most important directorates within the IIS, Directorate 14 was responsible for the most secret and sensitive operations undertaken outside of Iraq. Directorate 14 was also responsible for the training of officers for operations of this nature. The last known director for Directorate 14 was BG Nouri ad-Douri (Abu Ibrahim) from Jadriya.
Responsible for the People's Mujahedin of Iran. Directorate 18 issues the orders and tasks for MKO operations in
Iraq, Iran, and other countries. The last known director for Directorate 18 was BG Ihsan al-Timmimi (Syed Ihsan), with COL Ali Bilal Hussein ad-Dulaimi as his Assistant Director.
- Directorate 21 – Residency
Responsible for monitoring the residence permits of foreigners and Arabs in Iraq. Directorate 21 was headquartered in the
Karradeh District of
Baghdad.
- Directorate 23 – Southern District
Headquartered in
Basra, Directorate 23 was responsible for positions and operations in the south of Iraq. It was charged with following political events and infiltrating countries neighboring southern Iraq.
- Directorate 24 – Northern District
Headquartered in Mosul with an office in Kirkuk, Directorate 24 was responsible for operations in northern Iraq. Also responsible for infiltrating opposition groups in northern Iraq.
- Directorate 25 – Western District
Headquartered in
Ramadi, Directorate 24 was responsible for operations and recruitment of agents in
Syria and Jordan. Also responsible for gun-running and smuggling across the border, and coordinating with opposition parties. The last known director of Directorate 25 was BG Jamal Amr al-Rawi from Rawa
- Directorate 26 – Eastern District
Headquartered in Karbala, Directorate 26 was responsible for operations in the Karbala Governorate.
- Directorate 28 – Security of MIO
Directorate 28 was responsible for the security of all Military Industrialization Organization facilities. It was established after the defection of
Hussein Kamel in August 1995.
History
Following an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Iraq's ruler
Abdul Karim Qasim in October 1959 by the
Ba'ath Party,
Saddam Hussein was placed in charge of
Jihaz al Khas (Special Apparatus) sometime between 1964 and 1966. Codenamed
Jihaz al-Haneen (Instrument Of Yearning), the organisation concentrated on security and intelligence work. After the Ba'ath Party seized power on July 17,
1968, Saddam expanded the Special Apparatus and took control of the
Amn (State Internal Security Department). Following the failed coup attempt led by Director of Internal Security Nazim Kazzar in 1973,
Jihaz was transformed into
Da'irat al Mukhabarat al Amah (General Intelligence Department or GID).
In 1983, under the leadership of
Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, the GID organized the massacres of the villagers of Dujail and Jezan Al Chol, the disappearance of the Barzanis from the Qushtapa camp, and the assassination of 18 members of Ayatollah Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim's family.
In recent years, as a result of the Gulf War, the external department was reduced to less than half of its pre-1990 size, while the internal department was enlarged to deal with increasing anti-Saddam activities within Iraq.
In 1993, the IIS planned and executed an assassination attempt against former US President George H. W. Bush and the Emir of
Kuwait through the use of a large car bomb driven by two Iraqis.
In June 1995, Saddam Hussein dismissed his stepbrother
Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti from his role as head of the IIS, due to his failure to increase domestic security within Iraq. BG Majid Hasan al-Majid was named as his successor.
See also
External links
- Iraqi Intelligence Service
- Jihaz al-Mukhabarat al-Amma
- Agency profile: Iraqi intelligence
- US Army Foreign Military Studies Office Document
- Structure of the IIS
The
Iraqi Intelligence Service (
Jihaz Al-Mukhabarat Al-A'ma), also known as the
Mukhabarat,
General Directorate of Intelligence, or
Party Intelligence, was the main state intelligence organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein. The
IIS was primarily concerned with international intelligence collection and analysis but also performed many activities inside Iraq.
The most important section of the IIS was Directorate 4 – the Secret Service.One of the well known Directors was Rafi' Dahham Mejwel Al-Tikriti (
Arabic language: رافع دحام مجول التكريتي) the former Iraqi Ambassador to Turkey and the last Chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. The Secret Service was tasked with infiltrating both foreign and domestic governments, unions, embassies, and opposition groups. IIS often worked closely with the Iraqi General Security Directorate (the Iraqi equivalent of the
FBI) when conducting domestic activities.
IIS is alleged to be responsible for a number of
assassinations and attempted assassinations abroad. These include the assassinations of
Sheikh Talib al-Suhail al-Tamimi in
Beirut (April 1994), Ayatollah
Mehdi al-Hakim in Sudan (January 1988), and Dr.
Ayad Habashi in
Rome (October 1986), as well as the nearly successful assassinations of President
George H.W. Bush and the
List of emirs of Kuwait.
Structure
IIS was broken up into a number of
Bureaus, which oversaw the individual
Directorates. The following list gives the Directorates divided by Bureau, and a brief description of the Directorate.
Political Bureau
- Directorate 4 – Secret Service
Located inside the headquarters of the IIS, Directorate 4's activities took place in both Iraq and abroad, with espionage infiltrated within Iraqi government departments, the
Ba'ath Party,
Voluntary association, trade union and
organizations, Iraqi embassies and
opposition party. In addition, the Secret Service received information from the Al Hadi Project. The Directorate included a number of offices responsible for the collection of information about a specific country or region. These offices included areas for Southeast Asia,
Turkey,
Iran,
Americas (North and South), Europe,
Arab states,
Africa and the former Soviet Union. Directorate 4 worked in coordination with Directorates 3, 5, 9, 12, 14 and 18. The last director of Directorate 4 was Brigadier General Mohammed Yasin Al Shammari from Mosul.
- Directorate 8 – Technical Affairs
Located in the headquarters of the ISS, Directorate 8 was responsible for the fingerprinting of all IIS employees and the development of materials needed for
covert offensive Military operation. These included weapons,
explosives and poisons. Directorate 8 also assembled cameras, communications equipment and employed many
engineers and scientists with advanced degrees. The last director of Directorate 8 was Dr Mohammed al-Masri, who was of
Egyptian origin.
- Directorate 9 – Secret Operations
One of the most important directorates within the IIS. Directorate 9's work was mostly outside Iraq in
coordination with Directorates 5, 12, 14 and 18, focusing on operations of sabotage and assassination. The last director of Directorate 9 was Major General Abdul Hameed Khalaf al-Bayati, with BG Hussain Abdul Khaliq ad-Douri, from Dour as his Assistant Director.
- Directorate 12 – Electronic Surveillance
Responsible for the planting,
monitoring, and analyzing
video and
sound surveillance devices within the IIS. Also partially responsible for the forging of currency.
- Directorate 17 – National Security Institute
Responsible for the
training of IIS officers. Located in the Jihad district (possibly at
Abu Ghraib in the western
suburbs of Baghdad), it contained full living quarters and a supermarket. High-school graduates undertook a three year course, and college Alumnuss an 18-month
Course of study prior to entering the
intelligence service as
junior officers.
Responsible for collecting and analyzing information from around the world, including open sources such as radio,
satellite TV, and
newspapers.
Responsible for conducting psychological warfare operations, including the dissemination of false information.
Special Bureau
- Directorate 5 – Counter-Intelligence
Responsible for the detection and neutralization of foreign intelligence agents, with a particular focus on Syrian infiltrators. Directorate 5 works in conjunction with Directorates 3, 4, 14 and 18. Undated sources name BG Sadoon Ali al-Tikriti, from Auja as Director of Directorate 5, and
Lieutenant Colonel Ahmed Lahij ad-Dulaimi as Assistant Director.
- Directorate 6 – Mukhabarat Security
Responsible for the conduct of officers and other members of the ISS. Directorate 6 was responsible for the issuing of papers, passports, and marriage sanctions for all ISS employees. The last Director of Directorate 6 was MG Abdul Hameed Yasin al-Ghurairi, with Colonel Ibrahim al-`Aani as his Assistant.
- Directorate 7 – Al Haakimiya
The primary interrogation center of the ISS was Al Haakimiya, located opposite the Passport Office on 52nd Street. Sources conflict on the size of the building; some claim that it has five floors above ground and five below; other sources claim that there were three above and two below ground.
- Directorate 19 – Personnel Supervision
Responsible for surveillance of IIS employees.
- Directorate 22 – Protection
Responsible for personal protection of senior IIS officials and visiting dignitaries.
Uncertain designation. Conducted training of agents for clandestine operations abroad.
Rapid intervention force of the IIS, armed with light and semi-heavy weapons.
Administration Bureau
- Directorate 2 – Administration
Responsible for all administrative affairs. Directorate 2 was divided into a number of subdivisions:
- Payments and Gifts
- Land and Housing
- Audit
- Security
- Registry
- Word Processing and Typing
- Public Enquiries
- Directorate 10 – Legal Directorate
Charged with all IIS legal matters. Represents the IIS on joint committees with other government departments and ministries. Also contained the court where IIS prisoners were tried. The last director of Directorate 10 was BG Kamel Qurtasi al-Jenabi, with COL Saadoun Mohammed al-Mashhadani as his Assistant Director.
- Directorate 11 – Accounts
Located in the headquarters complex. Responsible for financial affairs, and the salaries of all directorates except Directorate 1.
Located in the headquarters complex. Responsible for medical examinations of new recruits and medical care for members of the IIS.
- Directorate 15 – Vehicles
Responsible for the vehicles of the IIS and their Car maintenance.
- Directorate 16 – Physical Plant
Responsible for the maintenance, repair, and cleaning of all IIS buildings.
- Directorate 20 – Printing
Responsible for printing leaflets, books, and forged documents (including passports).
- Directorate 27 – Engineering And Construction
Responsible for the construction of IIS buildings and housing for senior officers.
- Directorate 1 – The Private Office
The office of the director of the Mukhabarat was situated in its own building at the main entrance of the Mukhabarat complex in the Mansour district of Baghdad. All instructions and directives flowed from this office, and the director's meetings with his senior staff took place here. The last Director of the Mukhabarat was
Rafi' Dahham Al Tikriti , former director of the Fourth Directorate of the Mukhabarat and former Iraqi Ambassador in Turkey. He assumed his present position on July 1, 1997. The Director up to June 30, 1997 was Mani' Abd Rashid Al Tikriti. The Manager of the Director's Office is Col. `Aayed Al Douri (Abu Tayseer), from Dour, and the Director's secretary is Capt. Muthana Al Tikriti (nephew of Mani' Abd Rashid).
Subdivisions of D1:
The SecretariatAuditSecuritySalariesElectronic equipmentReception and appointmentsInternal and external co-ordination
- Directorate 3 – Surveillance
Situated in the National Security Institute in the Jihad District of
Baghdad, Directorate 3 was divided into three subdivisions: mobile surveillance (close pursuit of targets with vehicles); foot surveillance; and stationary surveillance (surveillance of a fixed premises such as a kiosk or shop). The last known director for Directorate 3 was BG Mohammed ad-Douri (Abu Nihad), from Dour, and the last known Assistant Director was LTC Subhi Ibrahim al-Jibouri, from Baiji/Al Siniya.
- Directorate 14 – Special Operations
One of the largest and most important directorates within the IIS, Directorate 14 was responsible for the most secret and sensitive operations undertaken outside of Iraq. Directorate 14 was also responsible for the training of officers for operations of this nature. The last known director for Directorate 14 was BG Nouri ad-Douri (Abu Ibrahim) from Jadriya.
Responsible for the People's Mujahedin of Iran. Directorate 18 issues the orders and tasks for MKO operations in
Iraq,
Iran, and other countries. The last known director for Directorate 18 was BG Ihsan al-Timmimi (Syed Ihsan), with COL Ali Bilal Hussein ad-Dulaimi as his Assistant Director.
- Directorate 21 – Residency
Responsible for monitoring the residence permits of foreigners and Arabs in Iraq. Directorate 21 was headquartered in the
Karradeh District of Baghdad.
- Directorate 23 – Southern District
Headquartered in Basra, Directorate 23 was responsible for positions and operations in the south of Iraq. It was charged with following political events and infiltrating countries neighboring southern Iraq.
- Directorate 24 – Northern District
Headquartered in
Mosul with an office in Kirkuk, Directorate 24 was responsible for operations in northern Iraq. Also responsible for infiltrating opposition groups in northern Iraq.
- Directorate 25 – Western District
Headquartered in Ramadi, Directorate 24 was responsible for operations and recruitment of agents in
Syria and Jordan. Also responsible for gun-running and smuggling across the border, and coordinating with opposition parties. The last known director of Directorate 25 was BG Jamal Amr al-Rawi from
Rawa
- Directorate 26 – Eastern District
Headquartered in
Karbala, Directorate 26 was responsible for operations in the Karbala Governorate.
- Directorate 28 – Security of MIO
Directorate 28 was responsible for the security of all Military Industrialization Organization facilities. It was established after the defection of
Hussein Kamel in August 1995.
History
Following an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Iraq's ruler Abdul Karim Qasim in October 1959 by the
Ba'ath Party,
Saddam Hussein was placed in charge of
Jihaz al Khas (Special Apparatus) sometime between 1964 and 1966. Codenamed
Jihaz al-Haneen (Instrument Of Yearning), the organisation concentrated on security and intelligence work. After the
Ba'ath Party seized power on July 17, 1968, Saddam expanded the Special Apparatus and took control of the
Amn (State Internal Security Department). Following the failed coup attempt led by Director of Internal Security Nazim Kazzar in 1973,
Jihaz was transformed into
Da'irat al Mukhabarat al Amah (General Intelligence Department or GID).
In 1983, under the leadership of Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, the GID organized the massacres of the villagers of
Dujail and Jezan Al Chol, the disappearance of the
Barzanis from the Qushtapa camp, and the assassination of 18 members of
Ayatollah Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim's family.
In recent years, as a result of the Gulf War, the external department was reduced to less than half of its pre-1990 size, while the internal department was enlarged to deal with increasing anti-Saddam activities within Iraq.
In 1993, the IIS planned and executed an assassination attempt against former US President
George H. W. Bush and the
Emir of
Kuwait through the use of a large car bomb driven by two Iraqis.
In June 1995, Saddam Hussein dismissed his stepbrother
Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti from his role as head of the IIS, due to his failure to increase domestic security within Iraq. BG Majid Hasan al-Majid was named as his successor.
See also
External links
- Iraqi Intelligence Service
- Jihaz al-Mukhabarat al-Amma
- Agency profile: Iraqi intelligence
- US Army Foreign Military Studies Office Document
- Structure of the IIS
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